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教育王國 討論區 教育講場 Social Background determines pupils' success (part 2 ...
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Social Background determines pupils' success (part 2)

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1911
發表於 08-4-21 18:03 |顯示全部帖子
This is a view echoed - unsurprisingly - by Christine Haddock, headteacher at Larkspur community school in Gateshead -the most successful primary in the country according to the new league table.

"This is fantastic news," Haddock told Education Guardian. "We have always known that we are doing a good job for the children here, but the usual league tables rarely reflect that feeling.

"We serve a deprived area. In the last three years 46%-59% of our children have been eligible for free school meals [the standard indicator of deprivation]. But these findings reflect what we have always known: that this is a good school that looks after its pupils as well as it possibly can. Many of them are at quite a low level when they arrive, but they make massive strides before they leave.

"In the end, it's not about where you come in tables, it's about the difference that we can make to children's lives round here, but this will be a real boost to all the people who work so hard at the school."

Another primary headteacher who welcomed the new league tables was Simon O'Keefe, headteacher of The Powell School in Dover, Kent, which came second in the country after not making the top 250 schools in the value-added rankings produced by the Guardian from the DfES performance tables.

"It is only in recent years that we are starting to feel we are getting recognition, but nothing like this," says O'Keefe. "It is obviously nice to feel we are successful in what we are trying to do here, but there is always room for improvement and, in the end, league tables are nice, but it is about teaching children to the best of our abilities so that they can reach their potential."

The school has around 33% of pupils eligible for free school meals and a similar proportion with special educational needs. "All our children, with perhaps one or two exceptions, come from the local council estate and from a fairly deprived background, but we have high expectations for them. We have high expectations of what they can achieve and of their behaviour. That, along with excellent teaching, is our fairly obvious secret."

Questions for parents and schools
Among secondary schools, although many community schools with more socially deprived intakes make it into the top 200, some of the more traditional table-toppers still do well, particularly those from the grammar school sector.

Webber says this is because there is more selection at secondary schools, so they often cream off the more able pupils from disadvantaged areas while maintaining high results.

He adds that the research, including the new league tables, should be seen as the start rather than the end of an ongoing discussion.

"There are endless questions that this research throws up for parents and schools and, perhaps most crucially of all, for those making the decisions on where we go from here. Hopefully, this will begin a debate that will lead to a greater understanding of what is actually working in our schools and how best we can help children from all backgrounds achieve their potential."

Copyright Guardian News and Media Limited

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13222
發表於 08-5-18 23:50 |顯示全部帖子
以下摘自梁文道的"文道非常道"http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c37827601008y8d.html

或許能進一步探討,為什麼西式教育的體制,最終竟然是以家庭背景論優劣。



通识教育的危险 (2008-04-24 14:18:30)

  

教育是一種社會再分配財富和地位的方法。

這不只是乾枯的理論陳述,而且是很多香港人的信念和親身體驗。今天30到50歲的中產階級,有不少人都經歷過困苦的幼年,但憑一己的拼搏和上進,透過教育改變了自己的生命,最終不只贏來學位,也得到了體面和穩定的生活。

這批努力而且幸運的中產階級,今天有些已為人父母。他們格外關注子女的教育,當然就不足為奇。有趣的是,雖然自己是老一套所謂「填鴨式」教育的成功過來人,他們卻都討厭那種使得自己得到階層上升機會的教育方法。他們想起童年,滿是苦悶不快的記誦苦讀,和格式一致壓力奇大的升學考試,所以他們不想自己的子女重複自己的道路,他們要求教育改革,而教改也回應了他們。

其實教改不是什麼新鮮事,自從教育成為現代國家的責任,普及教育在全球的範圍上施行以來,教育的改革也就從來沒有停止過。新鮮的是,近百年前由杜威和他的門徒首倡的「進步教育」(progressive education),一種強調啟發和能力培養多於資訊記誦的教育方法,在今天卻成為最不「進步」(或者「激進」)的路數,反而成了全球化底下最符合各國需要的一種教育模式。所以過去20年來,「先進」的第一世界國家莫不把教改視作國家興亡的頭等大事,而改革的大方向也莫有不從曾經很激進的「進步教育」方法。

不要背誦,要理解;不要學知識,而要學學習的方法;不要死跟既定的課本,而要靈活地在生活中擷取各種資訊;不要一個人死幹的傳統功課,而要小組討論做project以培養溝通與合作的能力;不要一次定生死的大型考試,而要日積月累地衡量學生的長期表現;老師不是授業的活教科書,而是解惑的啟發者。

這一切都不會有人反對。

過去很多中產家庭花大錢送子女進國際學校,為的就是得到這種教育。如今教改也朝這目標前進,又怎會有家長不同意?於是關於教改的主流計畫也就往往局限在技術層次。以此次的「三三四」學制改革和高中課程改革為例,大家最關心的問題不是改革的內容,而是達至目標的方法是否可行。例如成為話題的「通識教育」,論者都把重點放在師資充不充分,和評核方法合不合理等問題上。

其實早在70年代,就已經有些先知先覺的教育學家如伯恩斯坦(Basil Bernstein),發現這種教改有潛在的危險,而且問題不小。那就是它可能會破壞教育再分配財富和地位的功能。

30年來,隨這一波教育改革在先進國家的雷厲風行,也有愈來愈多的學者實征地證實了這種擔憂。許多低下階層的學生不僅不能在這種開放進步的教育中得到好處,反而變得常識貧乏,與中上階級的子弟愈差愈遠。為什麼會這樣?這種情況是如何發生的呢?

即將推行的「通識教育」是近期教改中能夠說明這個問題的最佳典範。「通識教育」是現有學科中最強調學生要有整合跨科知識、發展自主學習能力的科目。教統局檔第27段就明言日後「學習的主要責任落在學生身上」,而「教師的角色可以是學習促進者、資料提供者和顧問」。

關鍵就是當學生不需要再死背硬記過去被認為必要的知識時,他要怎麼樣去搜集材料,完成他的跨學科學習,和同學們一起去弄篇關於《戰爭與和平》(通識科的課題之一)的報告呢?他不只要擁有學校不再規定記誦的某些基礎知識,還要有不錯的理解分析和綜合能力,要有和人溝通合作的本領,更要有一定的語言表達力。這固然是學校教育可以提供的訓練,但卻更多地來自家庭環境和社會背景,也就是所謂的「文化資本」。

面對填鴨式教育和可以死死操練成就的考試方法,不同階層不同背景的學生,到底還是比較平等的,因為他們需要的只是勤奮和小量的技巧組合。這也就是為什麼過去有那麼一批為數不少的人,雖出身貧寒卻能經過教育和考試晉身中產階級。

但若是要學通識教育,一個父母均受過高等教育,自幼培養閱讀愛好,因背景良好而有充分自信心,放假能隨家人旅行甚至遊學歐洲的少年,與一個來自單親領取綜援家庭,閒暇要操持家務甚至幫助長輩工作,去一趟東莞都要左算右計的同齡同學,二者之間就可能有極大差別了。

因為表達、溝通、理解、分析和思考等種種能力所涉範圍甚廣,而且不是單在學校有限的條件下發憤苦學就可習得。光是做功課要交研習報告,一個有大專學歷的父母指導協助的孩子,和一個父母只有小學學歷而且日夜加班的孩子相比,恐怕就有截然不同的成果。

所謂「學習的主要責任落在學生身上」的另一層意義,就是家庭的責任也更重大了,凡是育有子女的夫妻都會明白。而那些子女有幸入讀強調開放教育的國際學校者,也都心知肚明自己要比一般家長多花多少時間精力在孩子的學習上。因為這種開放的進步教育固然比較優良,但它對家庭的要求也同樣地高。換句話說,以「通識教育」為典型範例的教改,很有可能在貧富差距日增、貧窮兒童數目漸多的今天,進一步擴大而非拉近了這個趨勢。

我不反對教育改革走向一條開放和進步的路子,因為這似乎是當前經濟轉型下不得不走的路,也因為過去的填鴨教育和考試制度確實弊端叢生。但是政府必須理解,推行教改不可以忘記教育改變社會利益分配的功能。日後學校的責任不是縮小,而是更大了。學生們因為背景造成的差異,必須在有充分資源和援助的學校之中彌補回來