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aquick search on the web:
Picaridin, a recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) for protection against mosquitoes that carry diseases, is not known to irritate skin and eyes, does not have a pungent odor, and does not dissolve plastics. It evaporates from the skin more slowly than DEET or IR3535 and may repel bugs for longer periods. Developed by Bayer AG in the 1980s and sold in the U.S. since 2005, picaridin "does not carry the same neurotoxicity concerns as DEET but has not been tested as much over the long term." Overall, EWG's assessment is that picaridin is a good DEET alternative with many of the same advantages and without the same disadvantages. EWG recommends picardin 5-10 percent for short protection times, and picardin 20 percent for longer periods.
IR3535, or 3-[N-Butyl-N- acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester, was developed by Merck & Co., Inc. in the mid-1970s and has been used in Europe for more than 20 years. Registered for use in the U.S. in 1999, IR3535 can be irritating to the eyes and may dissolve or damage plastics, but poses few other safety risks. Health authorities in Europe have not received reports of problems caused by this chemical. Consumer Reports determined that it performed as well as DEET against deer ticks and the Culex mosquitoes that sometimes carry West Nile virus, though the 20 percent formulation was slightly less effective than DEET in repelling mosquitoes that may carry yellow fever, dengue, and encephalitis. "In sum, IR3535 is a good DEET alternative with many of the same advantages and fewer disadvantages," the authors said. EWG recommends IR3535 20 percent for longer protection times.
DEET is the most common mosquito and tick repellent and "is a reasonable, if imperfect, choice," the authors write. Registered for public use since 1957, DEET gives off a distinct odor and may damage plastic, rubber and vinyl. On the plus side, when used as directed, DEET is considered safe by many public health authorities and organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the American Academy of Pediatrics, and WHO. That said, DEET is known to irritate the eyes and in intense doses may even induce neurological damage; though after reviewing reports of seizures, the EPA concluded the rate of adverse reactions to be very low -- about one per 100 million persons. Those who use DEET daily have reported suffering symptoms such as rashes, dizziness, difficulty concentrating and headaches. After reviewing the evidence, "EWG has concluded that DEET is generally safer than many people assume and remains a viable option for people in areas infested with disease-carrying pests...The EPA allows U.S. sales of repellents with up to 100 percent DEET, but increasing concentration does not increase efficacy.... We think it makes sense to follow Canadian government recommendations limiting DEET to 30 percent in any product and even weaker concentrations for young children." EWG recommends DEET 7-10 percent for short protection time and DEET 20-30 percent, especially when contained in time-release formulations, for longer periods.
Oil of lemon eucalyptus is the trade name for a repellent that originated as an extract of the eucalyptus tree native to Australia. If refined, paramenthane-3,8-diol, also known as PMD, results. Many products combine oil of lemon eucalyptus and PMD. Some testing has shown that concentrations of 20 to 26 percent PMD may perform as well as 15 to 20 percent DEET against both mosquitoes and ticks, though its maximum protection time against mosquitoes and ticks is shorter, according to the EPA. Oil of lemon eucalyptus/PMD is not recommended when the risk of West Nile virus is high or against sand flies or 'no-see-ums,' a particularly annoying biting insect. The CDC advises against the use of the oil on children under three years of age. EWG recommends PMD 10 percent for short protection time and oil of lemon eucalyptus 30-40 percent for longer periods. |
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發表於 16-5-19 00:35
